Breed-Specific Health Issues: What to Watch For

Breed-Specific Health Issues: What to Watch For, Dogs come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and personalities but their health needs often depend on their breed. While any dog can suffer from general health problems like allergies, arthritis, or obesity, some breeds are genetically predisposed to specific medical conditions.

Knowing these breed-specific health risks can help you take proactive steps toward prevention, early detection, and proper care.

Whether you’re considering a new puppy, adopting a senior dog, or want to better care for your current canine companion, this guide will help you understand common breed-related health concerns and what to watch for.

Why Breed-Specific Health Issues Exist

Purebred dogs have been selectively bred for generations to maintain physical traits or temperaments. This intense focus on lineage can also narrow the gene pool, increasing the likelihood of inherited conditions.

Additionally, a dog’s body structure—like a short snout, long back, or tiny joints—can make them more vulnerable to certain health problems.

Understanding your dog’s genetic background can help you:

• Spot early warning signs
• Discuss preventive measures with your vet
• Plan for potential long-term care needs

Common Breed-Specific Health Concerns

Let’s take a look at some popular dog breeds and the health issues they’re prone to.

1. Labrador Retriever

Common Health Risks:

• Hip and Elbow Dysplasia: Malformed joints cause pain and arthritis.
• Obesity: Labs love to eat and are prone to weight gain.
• Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): Leads to vision loss over time.

Watch For:

• Stiffness, limping, or trouble rising
• Weight gain despite a balanced diet
• Night blindness or bumping into objects

2. German Shepherd

Common Health Risks:

• Hip Dysplasia
• Degenerative Myelopathy: A neurological disease that causes hind limb weakness.
• Bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus): A life-threatening stomach twisting condition.

Watch For:

• Difficulty walking or dragging feet
• Sudden abdominal swelling, retching without vomiting
• Weak hind limbs or muscle atrophy

3. Bulldog (English and French)

Common Health Risks:

• Brachycephalic Syndrome: Breathing difficulties due to short snouts.
• Skin Fold Dermatitis: Infection-prone wrinkles.
• Cherry Eye: A protruding gland in the eye.

Watch For:

• Noisy breathing, snorting, or overheating easily
• Red, irritated skin in folds
• Swollen red mass in the corner of the eye

4. Dachshund

Common Health Risks:

• Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD): Their long spine is vulnerable to back injuries.
• Obesity: Extra weight strains the spine.

Watch For:

• Sudden paralysis or reluctance to jump
• Yelping when touched or picked up
• Stiff gait or dragging back legs

5. Golden Retriever

Common Health Risks:

• Cancer: High rates of lymphoma and hemangiosarcoma.
• Hip Dysplasia
• Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid levels slow metabolism.

Watch For:

• Lumps under the skin
• Weight gain, lethargy, dry skin
• Decreased appetite or activity

6. Boxer

Common Health Risks:

• Cancer, especially mast cell tumors and lymphoma.
• Heart Disease: Boxer cardiomyopathy (irregular heartbeat).
• Bloat

Watch For:

• Fainting, coughing, or exercise intolerance
• Swollen abdomen, pacing, or restlessness
• Skin lumps or ulcers

7. Pug

Common Health Risks:

• Brachycephalic Syndrome
• Eye Problems: Corneal ulcers, dry eye, and proptosis (bulging eyes).
• Obesity

Watch For:

• Squinting or pawing at eyes
• Labored breathing
• Lethargy or reluctance to exercise

8. Great Dane

Common Health Risks:

• Bloat
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Enlarged heart that struggles to pump blood.
• Hip Dysplasia

Watch For:

• Difficulty breathing, coughing
• Rapid heart rate or weakness
• Signs of abdominal pain or bloating

9. Chihuahua

Common Health Risks:

• Luxating Patella: Knee cap slips out of place.
• Tracheal Collapse: Weakening of the windpipe.
• Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar in puppies.

Watch For:

• Limping or skipping when walking
• Goose-honking cough
• Shivering, lethargy, or fainting (especially in puppies)

10. Cocker Spaniel

Common Health Risks:

• Ear Infections: Due to long, floppy ears.
• Eye Problems: Cataracts, glaucoma.
• Skin Allergies

Watch For:

• Frequent ear scratching, odor, or discharge
• Red, itchy skin or hot spots
• Cloudy eyes or sensitivity to light

READ ALSO: Traveling with Your Dog: Tips for a Smooth Journey

Preventive Measures for Breed-Specific Health Issues

While you can’t change your dog’s genetics, there are many ways to reduce the impact of inherited risks.

1. Regular Vet Checkups

Schedule annual or biannual vet visits. Breed-specific screenings (e.g., hip X-rays or cardiac exams) may be recommended.

2. Maintain a Healthy Weight

Obesity worsens almost every breed-related issue—joint problems, heart disease, even breathing issues.

3. Know the Signs

Understanding what to look for helps you catch problems early—when they’re often easier to treat.

4. Use Preventive Supplements

Supplements like glucosamine, omega-3 fatty acids, or joint-support formulas can help high-risk breeds (under vet guidance).

5. Choose Reputable Breeders

If you’re buying a puppy, ask for health clearances from the breeder. Responsible breeders screen for genetic issues before breeding.

The Role of DNA Testing

Modern dog DNA tests can screen for hundreds of genetic conditions. These at-home kits (like Embark or Wisdom Panel) are especially helpful for mixed breeds or rescues with unclear backgrounds.

Benefits:

• Identify inherited disease risks early
• Inform customized vet care plans
• Reveal breed makeup to predict potential health issues

Mixed Breed Dogs: Are They Healthier?

Often referred to as having “hybrid vigor,” mixed breeds may benefit from a broader gene pool. However, they’re not immune to inherited conditions. Knowing their breed mix can help anticipate potential risks and tailor preventive care accordingly.

FAQs

Should I avoid certain breeds because of health issues?

Not necessarily. All breeds have health risks. What matters is understanding those risks, choosing responsibly bred dogs, and staying proactive with veterinary care.

How early can breed-specific health issues appear?

Some conditions show up in puppyhood (like hip dysplasia or luxating patellas), while others may emerge in middle or old age, such as cancer or heart disease. Regular checkups help detect early signs.

Can diet prevent genetic health problems?

Diet alone won’t prevent genetic conditions, but it plays a big role in managing and reducing risk—especially for obesity-related or inflammatory conditions.

Are small dogs healthier than large dogs?

Not necessarily. While small dogs often live longer, they’re more prone to dental disease and tracheal collapse. Large breeds face joint problems, shorter lifespans, and heart issues. Each size class has its own challenges.

How do I know if my breeder is reputable?

Look for breeders who:

• Provide health clearances for both parents
• Belong to breed clubs or adhere to breed standards
• Prioritize temperament and health over appearance
• Are transparent about lineage and allow you to meet the puppy’s parents

Should I get pet insurance for a breed with known health risks?

Absolutely. Pet insurance can help offset the cost of diagnostic tests, surgeries, or ongoing treatment for chronic conditions—especially valuable if your dog is prone to breed-specific issues.

What should I do if my dog’s breed isn’t known?

Consider a dog DNA test to reveal the breed makeup. You can also talk to your vet, who may make educated guesses based on physical traits and behavior.